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Feb 07, 2024
Lipidomics delves into the holistic exploration of a biological system's entire lipid inventory, termed the 'lipidome.' It heavily relies on mass spectrometry, an analytical technique discerning and quantifying molecules in complex samples based on minute differences in mass and charge. Recent strides in lipidomics have led to groundbreaking methodologies like tracer lipidomics and spatial lipidomics, offering unprecedented insights into the intricate realm of lipids. Given lipids' diverse physiological roles and their implication in various pathologies, delving into lipid study and metabolic pathways holds immense potential for uncovering biomarkers and devising novel therapeutic interventions.
In lipidomics, the comprehensive examination of lipids within an organic extract derived from diverse biological specimens, including tissues, bodily fluids, plants, or processed foods, is common. The process often involves liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform, where the sample (especially tissues) undergoes homogenization. Subsequently, a mixture of chloroform and methanol, an antioxidant, and a lipid standard mix is introduced to preserve integrity and ensure accurate quantification. After centrifugation and evaporation, lipids are retrieved from the organic phase. Alternatively, a resin column aids in solid-phase extraction for further purification and separation of lipids.
The subsequent step entails subjecting lipid extracts to mass spectrometry (MS), either via 'shotgun lipidomics' or LC-MS. Shotgun lipidomics directly analyzes lipid extracts without prior separation, providing a comprehensive overview of the lipidome. Conversely, LC-MS involves liquid chromatography-based separation before MS analysis, using methods dependent on fatty acyl chain hydrophobicity or headgroup hydrophilicity.
Lipidomics assay methodologies encompass a series of meticulous steps aimed at comprehensively analyzing the lipid composition of biological samples. Initially, sample preparation involves employing either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE). In LLE, typically used for tissue samples, homogenization precedes lipid extraction via a chloroform and methanol mixture, fortified with an antioxidant to prevent oxidation, while a lipid standard mix aids in subsequent quantification corrections. Conversely, SPE involves the application of the raw lipid extract to a resin column, enabling solid-phase extraction to purify and separate lipids, effectively eliminating impurities from the sample.
Subsequent phases involve the application of mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, utilizing two primary approaches. Shotgun lipidomics, an untargeted method, involves direct MS analysis of lipid extracts without prior separation, offering a comprehensive snapshot of the entire lipidome. Conversely, LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) is a targeted approach wherein lipids undergo separation via liquid chromatography-based on fatty acyl chains' hydrophobicity (reversed-phase chromatography) or headgroups' hydrophilicity (HILIC)-before entering the mass spectrometer.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) assumes a critical role in lipidomics, fragmenting lipid ions to provide supplementary structural information crucial for identifying and characterizing specific lipid species. The resulting data from lipidomics assays undergo meticulous analysis using bioinformatics tools, involving comparison of mass spectra against lipid databases for identification and annotation, alongside statistical methods and pathway analysis for result interpretation.
Quantification in lipidomics is fortified through the utilization of internal standards, ensuring accuracy and precision across the process. These known quantities of reference compounds are integrated during both sample preparation and analysis phases. Furthermore, separation techniques such as reversed-phase chromatography (C18 Column) and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) play a pivotal role, further enhancing the resolution of lipid species. These integrated methodologies empower researchers to navigate the intricate landscape of lipids within biological systems, unveiling their roles in health, disease, and cellular processes.
Lipidomics boasts a wide array of applications, including disease biomarker discovery, drug development, personalized medicine, nutritional studies, and elucidation of cellular signaling. Its contribution to understanding lipid roles in health and disease aids in tailoring targeted therapies and personalized treatment plans. Nonetheless, upcoming hurdles involve standardizing and integrating data, advancing computational analysis for managing extensive datasets, ensuring quantitative accuracy and reproducibility, enhancing spatial resolution in lipidomics imaging, discerning lipid isomers, and deepening comprehension of lipid changes' functional significance in biological systems. Overcoming these challenges is pivotal for bolstering the reliability, specificity, and broader influence of lipidomics across diverse scientific domains.
In the realm of food nutrition, the emphasis on dietary nutrition and health regulation, beyond mere food content, is growing. Multiple studies highlight the lipidome's strong sensitivity in molecular biology to the body's response to dietary intake, metabolic and intestinal microflora regulation, and the onset of related diseases. Distinct changes in molecule fluxes within specific metabolic pathways, triggered by nutrient intake, offer avenues to detect and manage associated diseases. Hence, precise quantitative analysis of lipid molecules across biological tissues, cells, blood, and body fluids is poised to broaden the methodology for studying dietary nutrition and disease regulation. For instance, 311 lipid molecules heightening the risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes have been identified, while 70 lipids mitigated this risk. Elevated serum triglyceride concentration signals a heightened risk of pre-diabetes type 2 due to increased body fat cells, unveiling underlying metabolic changes post-childbirth. These findings could assist clinicians in early identification and intervention strategies to prevent postpartum type 2 diabetes, potentially steering new ideas and diagnostic pathways for regulating and treating lipid metabolism within the nexus of diet, nutrition, and disease.
