Sugars
What Is GC-MS Sugar-Targeted Metabolomics?
GC-MS Technology Superiority for Sugar-Targeted Metabolomics
Technology Superiority for Sugar-Targeted Metabolomics
Carbohydrate Metabolomics Applications
Quantitative sugar signatures characterize tumor metabolic reprogramming, linking carbon-flux shifts to the Warburg effect, immune-tumor interactions, and microenvironment remodeling. These readouts help evaluate response and resistance to targeted agents, immunotherapies, and combinations, and provide actionable endpoints for precision oncology research.
Dynamic sugar and sugar-alcohol profiles serve as sensitive endpoints for pharmacological interventions, dietary programs, and microbiome-host interaction studies. They inform mechanism-of-action, support PK/PD-adjacent decision-making, and enable multi-time-point comparisons across matrices and sites for robust, reproducible translational evidence.
Sugar composition maps osmotic adjustment, carbon allocation, and source–sink dynamics under drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and pathogen pressure. In fruits and grains, profiles of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sugar acids correlate with sweetness, flavor precursors, and texture—accelerating germplasm screening, breeding selection, postharvest quality control, and validation of metabolic engineering strategies.
GC-MS Sugar Panel Analyte List (32 Sugars & Derivatives)
| Index | Compound | KEGG ID | CAS No. |
| 1 | L-Rhamnose | C00507 | 3615-41-6 |
| 2 | D-Mannose-6-phosphate | - | 70442-25-0 |
| 3 | 2-Deoxy-D-ribose | C00672 | 533-67-5 |
| 4 | Xylitol | C00379 | 87-99-0 |
| 5 | D-ribose-5-phosphate | - | 15673-79-7 |
| 6 | D-Galacturonic acid | C00794 | 685-73-4 |
| 7 | D-Galactose | C00124 | 59-23-4 |
| 8 | L-Fucose | C01019 | 2438-80-4 |
| 9 | D-Ribono-1,4-lactone | - | 5336-08-3 |
| 10 | D-Mannose | C00159 | 3458-28-4 |
| 11 | D-Arabinose | C00216 | 10323-20-3 |
| 12 | D-Xylulose | C00231 | 551-84-8 |
| 13 | D-Xylose | C00181 | 58-86-6 |
| 14 | D-Sorbitol | C00794 | 50-70-4 |
| 15 | D-Ribose | C00117 | 50-69-1 |
| 16 | Levoglucosan | C22350 | 498-07-7 |
| 17 | Inositol | C00137 | 87-89-8 |
| 18 | D-Glucuronic acid | C16245 | 6556-12-3 |
| 19 | Glucose | C00031 | 50-99-7 |
| 20 | D-Fructose | C10906 | 7660-25-5 |
| ... | ... | ... |
Contact for a full list.
Sugar Targeted Metabolomics Sample Requirement
| Sample Class | Sample Type | Recommended sample size | Minimum sample size | |
| Plant Samples | Tissue | Stem, Shoot, Node, Leaf, Root, Flower, Fruit, Callus tissue, Seed | 600 mg | 300 mg |
| Liquid I | Root exudates, Alcohol | 2 ml | / | |
| Liquid II | Fermentation liquid, Tissue fluid, Extract solution, Juice, Plant oil | 500 ul | 100 ul | |
| Human/Animal samples | Liquid I | Plasma, Serum, Hemolymph, Whole Blood, Milk, Egg White | 120 μl | 60 μl |
| Liquid II | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Interstitial Fluid (TIF), Uterine Fluid, Pancreatic Juice, Bile, Pleural Effusion, Follicular Fluid, Postmortem Fluid, Tissue Fluid, Culture Medium (liquid), Culture Supernatant, Tears, Aqueous Humor, Digestive Juices, Bone Marrow (liquid) | 120 μl | 60μl | |
| Liquid Ⅲ | Seminal Plasma, Amniotic Fluid, Prostatic Fluid, Rumen Fluid, Respiratory Condensate, Gastric Lavage Fluid, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF), Urine, Sweat, Saliva, Sputum | 500 μl | 100 μl | |
| Tissue I | Small Animal Tissues, Placenta, Blood Clot, Nematode, Zebrafish (whole fish), Bone Marrow (solid), Nail | 100 mg | 20 mg | |
| Tissue II | Large Animal Tissues, Whole Insect Body, Wings (of insects), Pupa, Eggs, Cartilage, Bone (solid) | 500 mg | 20 mg | |
| Tissue Ⅲ | Zebrafish Organs, Insect Organs, Whole Microinsect Body (e.g., Drosophila) | 20 units | / | |
| Others | Solid I | Feces, Intestinal Contents, Lyophilized Fecal Powder | 200 mg | 20 mg |
| Solid II | Milk Powder, Microbial Fermentation Product (solid), Culture Medium (solid), Earwax, Lyophilized Tissue Powder, Feed, Egg Yolk, Lyophilized Egg Powder | 100 mg | 20 mg | |
| Solid Ⅲ | Honey, Nasal Mucus, Sputum | 2 g | 500 mg | |
| Solid Ⅳ | Sludge, Soil | 1000 mg | 600 mg | |
| Cell I | Adherent Cells, Animal Cell Lines | 1*10^7 cells | 5*10^6 cells | |
| Cell II | E. Coli, Yeast Cells | 1*10^10 cells | 5*10^8 cells | |
| Cell Ⅲ | Small Amount of Fungal Mycelial Balls/Mycelium, Unicellular Algae (Cyanobacteria), Large Quantities of Bacterial Hyphae (sediment), Mucilaginous Protoplasmic Clusters (hyphae) | 100 mg | / | |
| Organelle I | Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum | 4×10^7 cells | 1×10^7 cells | |
| Organelle II | Exosomes, Extracellular Vesicles | 2×10^9 particles | 1×10^9 particles | |
| Special Sample I | Skin Tape or Patch | 2 pieces | 1 piece | |
| Special Sample II | Test Strips | 2 pieces | 1 piece | |
| Special Sample Ⅲ | Swab | 1 piece | 1 piece | |
GC-MS Sugar Quantification Case Study
(Supported by MetwareBio's Sugar Targeted Metabolomics)
Article: Metabolomic combined with transcriptome analysis revealed the improvement of strawberry fruit quality after potassium sulfate treatment
Abstract:
Potash fertilizer is important for improving fruit quality, but its specific moderating roles must be further explored. To accomplish this objective, we utilized metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses to reveal the changes in metabolites and differential genes after potassium sulfate treatment, and we determined that the treatment substantially enhanced the intrinsic and external quality of ‘Yanli’ (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.). The results showed that 345 metabolites were found in wide metabolomics, with 115 up-regulated and 230 down-regulated, in which the primary metabolites were more sugars, and the secondary metabolites were more flavonoids, accounting for 20.26% of the metabolites. Sugar metabolomics revealed a substantial increase in fructose content of 34.2 mg g−1 after potassium sulfate treatment. 2335 differentially expressed genes were found in the transcriptome. The KEGG enrichment scatter plot revealed that the more enriched pathways were metabolic pathways, starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Combined transcriptome and metabolomics analyses showed that three genes, FaGal, FaINV and FaFK were highly influential in the sugar metabolic pathway, five candidate genes were identified in the anthocyanin metabolic pathway. This study revealed the regulatory mechanism of potassium sulfate treatment for improving strawberry fruit quality. Our findings provide an important basis for in-depth research on the mechanism of differentially expressed genes as well as substantial theoretical and practical guidance for the scientific and rational application of potash fertilizers in strawberry production.
Sugar DAMs and anthocyanin DAMs analysis of strawberry fruit treated with potassium sulfate. (Zhang et al., 2025)
Reference
Zhang Z, Guan Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li H. Metabolomic combined with transcriptome analysis revealed the improvement of strawberry fruit quality after potassium sulfate treatment. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2025;221:109658. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109658.
Next-Generation Omics Solutions:
Proteomics & Metabolomics
Ready to get started? Submit your inquiry or contact us at support-global@metwarebio.com.
